Gothic Sculpture And Gothic Art - 1352 Words

The Gothic Sculpture had not been only a design of art but an exceptionally influential period formulated with its own intricate history. The word is utilized to spell it out buildings and items whose varieties are based after a variety of characteristics from the 12th to the end of the 15th century. Gothic style was a development of the Romanesque yet it was Renaissance humanists who first used it as a disparaging term to spell it out what they noticed as the barbaric structures. With Gothic sculpture being seen through a wide variety of perspectives it is regarded as very difficult to appropriately specify what Gothic means in postmodern contemporary society today. It provided a fresh concentration for the representation of dynamics and†¦show more content†¦There is merely a different feeling in the Gothic architecture gives and overwhelming feeling of mysticism, the prominent philosophical and religious activity. The Gothic period was the right time of advancements in arc hitecture like the pointed arch, the rib vault, and the flying buttress. Also, stained goblet windows were a lovely way expressing their beliefs within an architectural way. The Romanesque period was an age group of new and experimental structures. One advancement in construction was the shift to all-stone structure that replaced the timber ceilings that caused many churches to burn down. One experimental architectural style was the utilization of rock barrel and groin vaults in the first Romanesque chapel. The stone vaulting allow architects build on a more substantial scale than before. The Gothic style surfaced out of architectural design of the Romanesque cathedrals. The directed arch was their first technology that removed the uncomfortable look of disproportional arches at the attributes of the Romanesque cathedrals. The directed arch also aimed the weight of the vault downward to help support the substantial ceilings. The next advancement of the Gothic architects solved problems of the Romanesque period. The Romanesque cathedrals possessed thick surfaces that gave the sensation of confinement, and their substantial arches seemed unwell proportioned with their small homeShow MoreRelatedMost Memorable Works Of Architecture971 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequently ranked as one of the three chief examples of Gothic French architecture (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, Chartres Cathedral). The effort and meticulousness that was put into this building is magnificent for a time when such architectural progress in society was small in quantity. The Chartres Cathedral is one of the works of art in ancient history that still deems itself relevant today. The reason why I chose to focus on the Gothic cathedrals of this time period is mainly because ofRead MoreThe Stained Glass And Verticality Of Gothic Churches1346 Words   |  6 Pagesbut it helped to produce growth in Gothic architecture. Many of Christianity’s beliefs are reflected in different aspects of art. The stained glass and verticality of Gothic churches is a key change from Romanesque style churches. The Gothic church found creative ways to illustrate images of important events in history through tapestry. Even the general shape and design of the Romanesque churches versus Gothic churches show Christians values. The sculptures outside of churches have evolved overRead MoreSymbolism in the Gothic Art Movement Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gothic Art movement was not just a style of art but an extremely influential period containing its own complex history. The term is used to describe buildings and objects whose forms are based upon a range of characteristics from the middle of the 12th to the end of the 15th century. Gothic style was a development of the Romanesque yet it was Renaissance humanists who first used it as a disparaging term to describe what they saw as the barbaric architecture. With Gothic art being viewed throughRead MoreAnalysis of the Romansque Style of Architecture1451 Words   |  6 PagesWarfare †¢ Religious †¢ Fashion †¢ Literature †¢ Paradigm †¢ Science Technology †¢ Art (Music, sculpture, fine arts) †¢ Medicine †¢ Economics 7. Design Philosophy 8. Available construction materials, methods and technologies 9. Building typology 10. Movement Characteristics 11. Conclusion 12. References â€Æ' Architecture affirms the wealth and culture of a society. The Romanesque style is a little like Roman architecture. Gothic architecture structures were beautifully made and offered the light of the newRead MoreComparison and Contrast of Two Gothic Cathedrals Essay625 Words   |  3 PagesComparison and Contrast of Two Gothic Cathedrals Gothic Style is some of the most beautiful works of art that man have ever made. It originated with the Romanesque style of building which lasted for about one hundred years before it was replaced by Gothic styles. The founder of the Gothic style was a man by the name of Abbot Suger. Notre Dame de Chartres cathedral was built in France between 1145 and 1513 and is Gothic architecture. Another Gothic architecture is the Bourges and it isRead MoreThe History of Gothic Architecture in Italy Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesAbbott Suger wanted to make Saint Denis a magnificent showplace as the royal Abbey church of France and burial place of French kings. Ribbed vault which were capable of spanning large areas was designed to make gothic churches larger. These Gothic Churches were characterized by enlarged clerestory zone, windows enormous size with inserted new zone and triforium below the ribbed vaults and supporting of an arcade of high piers lining of the nave. These characteristics ensured the support of theRead MoreGothic Art : Cathedral Of The Kings Of France885 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristic of Gothic Art: it represents an Early Gothic and the decorative evolutions of Radiant Gothic and Flamboyant Gothic. Reims cathedral displays a classic harmonic facade containing 4 levels. Its interior elevation defined elevation defined by its soaring heights and narrow dimensions, the r richness of its sculptural work and the quality of workmanship in the materials used, Reims Cathedral features amongst the most beautiful e examples of gothic art still standingRead MoreEssay about Greek and Gothic Architecture948 Words   |  4 PagesGothic Architecture Have you ever noticed the style in the buildings of your city? Well the style comes from an antique type of architecture called gothic architecture. The buildings now days have many developed characteristics from this style. Gothic architecture brought to the world many new features; the most important was the ogival arch, it helped the structure of the buildings and their inside designs. Gothic architecture started when the roman empire declined and the middle ages arose.Read MoreGothic Cathedrals, Compare and Contrast Two846 Words   |  4 PagesGothic Cathedrals The Gothic style has been the root for some of mankind’s most beautiful works of art. It was introduced by the Romanesque style of building. Romanesque style only lasted for nearly one hundred years before the Gothic style replaced it entirely. Abbot Suger was the founder of the Gothic style. One great form of Gothic architecture was the Notre Dame de Chartres cathedral that was built in France between 1145 and 1513. Another form is the Bourges cathedral, located in BourgesRead MoreThe Transition Of Art, Music, And Literature From The Gothic Age Through The Renaissance1261 Words   |  6 PagesProf. Andrea Donovan â€Å"Discuss the art, architecture, music, or literature from the Gothic age through the Renaissance. Talk about the development of art, architecture, music, or literature during this period, the significant issues, technologies, or styles, and some of the cultural or social influences. Finally, list at least six individuals and their work that provides examples from your discussion.† Comprehensive Essay The transition of art (incorporating the art spanning from paintings and architecture)

The Abolitionist Of The Liberator By William Lloyd...

After his successful escape, he began to join the abolitionist and playing an important role in their movement in United States and the world. After experiencing for himself a life of a free man, Frederick Douglass confessed that he was enlightened by the way of life in New Bedford - surprisingly wealthy and equality. And for a while after having a normal life with a normal job that brought back for him fully wages, an event happened and turned his whole life into a brand new page contains either potentials or risks. He became a subscriber to the Liberator – a paper edited by William Lloyd Garrison. Mr. Garrison was a person who inspired Frederick a lot. His papers and lectures in Liberty Hall directly blazing up a fire of an abolitionist inside Frederick. The spirit against slavery inside Frederick was getting bigger by day through absorbing new thoughts and knowledge of the Liberator’s contents. One of his extensive work was in the summer of 1841, in a grand anti-sla very convention, he got the first chance to speak out loud the truth that is burning inside him in front of the public about how cruel and evil the slave system can be. And Mr. William C. Coffin, an abolitionist was the first person that recognized his importance to the draconic fight against slavery system. For the next few months, he really did play an amazing role in popularizing the conception of equality throughout American’s community. Anti-slavery journals were diffusing daily whereabouts he would makeShow MoreRelatedWilliam Lloyd Garrison:His Impact On The Abolitionist Movement.1188 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Lloyd Garrison: His Impact on the Abolitionist Movement William Lloyd Garrison was a leader among the American abolitionists, a self-made journalist, and social reformer. He was world renown, considered one of the most vocal opponents of slavery before the Civil War. Garrison made an impact on the abolitionist movement by promoting non-violent and non-political resistance, calling for the immediate end to slavery as well as equal rights for black Americans. William Lloyd Garrison wasRead MoreDear Righteous Reformer Admissions Committee1439 Words   |  6 Pagesreformers coalesced around the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, one of the primary architects of abolitionism in the United States. Garrison, born to an impoverished family in Massachusetts, was uncompromising and unyielding, and his work with the movement was intrinsic to its propagation and success in the wake of the Civil War and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. The Righteous Reformer Hall of Fame would be honored by the inclusion of William Lloyd Garrison, and his advocacy of African AmericanRead MoreThe Work of Three Major Abolitionists: Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison and John Brown1328 Words   |  6 PagesRevivalistic tenets led abolitionists to see slavery as the product of sin and to demand emancipation as the price of repentance. A tenet is a principle, belief, or doctrine generally held to be true; especially one held in common by members of an organization, movement, or profession. Abolitionists recognized that slavery received moral support from racial prejudice, and they lobbied to overturn the nations racially discriminatory practices. During the 1830s, abolitionists tried to reach and convertRead MoreSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery933 Words   |  4 Pagesknown to be the largest slave uprising in American History. also that year William Lloyd Garrison started publishing the Liberator a weekly paper that advocated abolishment of slavery. Up to this point the abolishment of slavery is near and near. Steps to abolish slavery have been things like missouri compromise where slavery was not permitted over the northern boundary of missouri. Weekly newspaper s such as the Liberator. Slave rebellions began to spring up all in the south. The cotton kingdomRead MoreThe Abolitionist Movement. The Abolitionist Movement Started1804 Words   |  8 PagesThe Abolitionist Movement The Abolitionist movement started around the 1830s and lasted until 1865. This movement was a huge step toward our country’s future, attempting to end slavery and racial discrimination. People like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Beecher Stowe persuaded others in their cause and elected those with the same views as them in political positions. William Lloyd Garrison started an abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator, Frederick Douglas also wroteRead MoreWilliam Garrison and the Abolitionist Movement807 Words   |  3 PagesThe Abolitionist movement was a reform movement that pursued to terminate the enslavement of Africans and people of African descent in American, Europe, and Africa. Abolitionist thoughts and ideas became more and more noticeable in Northern politics and churches starting in the 1830s, which subsidized to the hatred and bitterness between North and South leading up to the Civil War. One important abolitionist in this movement wa s William Lloyd Garrison. He was an American journalist and a militantRead MoreSlavery And The Underground Railroad853 Words   |  4 Pagesarea of the country became the hotbed of abolitionist sentiment. Abolitionist newspapers and pamphlets were big into existence. These were numerous enough by 1820 that South Carolina instituted penalties for anyone bringing written anti-slavery material into the state. David Walker, a freeman of color originally from the South, published An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in Boston, Massachusetts. It was a new benchmark, pushing abolitionists toward extreme militancy. He called for slavesRead More Rights of Leadership: The Propaganda of Race and Class During the Abolitionist Movement2194 Words   |  9 PagesRights of Leadership: The Propaganda of Race and Class During the Abolitionist Movement Henry Highland Garnet and William Lloyd Garrison were two of the most instrumental leaders of the Abolitionist Movement. Their social backgrounds and experiences were responsible for contrasting the two leaders and influenced their approaches, beliefs and solutions to the abolishment of slavery. Their opinions and approaches were voiced in terms of the role of the political process, the role of moral persuasionRead MoreThe Abolitionist Movement During The Antebellum Period853 Words   |  4 Pages The Abolitionist movement during the Antebellum period, was a critical time in American history. The goal of this movement was to emancipate all slaves immediately, and end discrimination, as well as segregation. The brave men and women involved in this movement were called abolitionists and antislavery advocates. The antislavery advocates stood for freeing slaves gradually, and abolitionists wanted slavery gone immediately. No matter how fast, these people all wanted to spread opposition againstRead MoreWilliam Lloyd Garrison Was A Brave Journalist1585 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Lloyd Garrison was a brave journalist whose biggest goal was to end the enslavement of African- Americans. In 1805, the inspiring journalist, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts where he endured extreme poverty. For example, Garrison was abandoned by his father at the age of three and was raised by a single mother. In 1816, Garrison struggled in grammar school and he even said that â€Å"he did not kn ow one single rule of grammar.† Even though, Garrison was ten years old, he was not that bright

Christmas Time Free Essays

Christmas Time Everyone knows that there’s no better feeling than the night before Christmas, as you gather around at Grandma’s house and exchange gifts with the family. The warm smell of a freshly baked batch of sugar cookies flowing through your nose, and the excitement inside as you stare at your gift trying to guess what’s inside. I can hear the sharp ripping of wrapping paper as all the children around me rush through the paper to find what they have received and the laughter of the adults around as the child forms a giant grin of their face after seeing what they’ve gotten. We will write a custom essay sample on Christmas Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now I can feel the heat coming from the fire place as the fire crackles and sparks. After everyone finishes opening their gifts and visiting with family, we all go our separate ways on our way home to get to bed. I can feel the excitement rushing through me as I hug everyone goodbye and hear the words â€Å"Merry Christmas† in my ear. On the drive home I observe the bright colorful Christmas lights draped over every house we pass, and the creative snowmen and snow angels made by small children. The sound of cheerful Christmas songs playing on the radio while we all sing along travels through my ears. When I get home I hurry up and put my pajamas on so I can help my mom frost and decorate the cookies before heading to bed. The taste of the leftover frosting melts on my tongue when I lick it off of my fingers. I can hear the sprinkle of the various colors of sprinkles hit the counter as I sprinkle them on the cookie. When finishing the cookies, the warm feeling inside grows rapidly and I take the next step towards Christmas morning, pouring the glass of milk and leaving a few cookies out on the counter on a plate for ‘Santa’. I take a leap into my bed and pull the covers up to my neck as the excitement is hard to bare. The next morning I wake up bright and early and jump out of bed running to every room waking up the family to open the gifts. I quickly run into the living room, and take a glance at the tree to see a large amount of presents of all different sizes under it. My parents drag themselves out of bed, grab the video camera and take a seat on the couch. My sister and I rush through the presents, screaming and laughing at what we find inside. As you sit next to the tree and take a better look at everything you’ve opened, you catch a quick whiff of the pine. You look up and stare at the tree, its lights, and the many ornaments of all shapes and sizes. I give hugs and kisses to my parents and thank them for everything they’ve bought me this Christmas. I take a look out the window and see the big white fluffy snowflakes falling and I get one last spark of excitement as I think about how Christmas really is the happiest time of the year. How to cite Christmas Time, Essay examples

love;war by Barlowgirl free essay sample

Barlowgirls new cd lovewar is an 11 track stop-and-make-you-think album worth picking up. lovewar is the soundtrack to the fight to show others love while being at war with mainstream culture and ideas. Filled with empowering yet challenging lyrics, its message is relevant and appreciated by fans of the all girl group. Most of whom share the same struggle. Power tracks such as Come alive, Running out of time and Time for you to go encourage listeners to stand up for what they believe in and not let others think for them. Beutiful ending is a slower song about laying down your selfishness for you own good. One ballad inperticular, Tears fall[feuturing the Fisk Jubilee singers] touches on the scars and lost lives of abortion. Its almost garenteed to make you to tears. But most of all it mourns the hearts that will never beat. lovewar is encouraging fresh andenergizing. We will write a custom essay sample on love;war by Barlowgirl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Barlowgirl step up artistaclly, musically and lyrically for their previos projects. It just goes to show how much theyve grown in the last six years. After listening to this cd youll be left with this challenge: To live, to die and to war for the sake of love. I highly recommend both this band and this cd.

Les Miserables Essays (639 words) - Les Misrables,

Les Miserables Les Miserables known in English as "The Terrible" is a musical portrayal of the French Revolution. It is a musical tragedy, which served as a major powerhouse competitor for Andrew Lloyd Weber musicals in the early eighties and nineties. When first debuting on Broadway in 1987 it traveled a long hard road to compete with musicals of the decade. However, in time many well-known performers were proud to associate themselves with this wonderful work of art. The musical play begins with its lead character named Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean was released on parole after 19 years on the chain gang. In this initial scene the audience can almost immediately feel the tonality of the play with the constant reference to the number 24601. 24601 were the prison number that became Jean Valjean's identity for 19 years. The dark and dreary ambiance set the tone for the first song of the libretto, "Look Down. The lyrics to look down coincide with the chain gang, overseen by brutal wanders, working in the hot sun. It is this series of songs in Act one that take the audience through many turns of feelings and emotions. These emotional songs are used to portray poor men and women working in low class factories, women selling their bodies and more importantly a class of people struggling to scrape by. The most vivid songs used to identify the various themes of poverty and prostitution are Lovely Ladies, A Heart Full of Love, and Master of The House. Moreover, it is a song titled Do You Hear the People Sing? That prepares the audience for the ending of Act one. Most if not all of Act one uses song, tonality, character, pitch and tone to depict the various themes of the play while the story is beginning to unravel. Throughout the second and final act the musical content within the play acts as a story of it's own through theme and variation. Each separate song represents a feeling and or mood and is enhanced as it is varied throughout the act. Like the first act, the songs are used to portray poverty, suffering, hardships, and even death. However, unlike the first act, there is also a theme of love and happiness. Closure is brought about with a sense of warmth and this is often heard through the display of the tempo. When the times were tough the tempo decreased and was often slow and morbid like. When happy times were brought about, the tempo increased to a song and dance farewell. The final song of the musical really brings the whole story together. The loose ends are tied and the audience's hearts are left captivated and moved. This musical would not be complete without the dramatization of the performers. It is each individual performer that brings song into the story. Each of the eight main characters represents, in a sense, their own theme and motivation towards the story. Without these characters the notes and chords wouldn't bring about any music. It would merely be song without feelings or words. Each of them sings to sing to us in their own different way and exemplify their role within the story. Together these two important ideas make this play an excellent musical. My personal reaction to this musical was surprisingly a good one. When my girlfriend first told me that we were going to see a Broadway play I wasn't initially excited. However, after just about 30 minutes into the opening act I was beginning to recognize and comprehend musical terms that we had discussed in class. I then decided to be open minded and take notice of not only musical but also theatrical happenings of the story. It was amazing to be able to hear the tempo change, the timbre (tone color), and also identify the theme and variation. It was often difficult to understand the opera like approach to the play but all you needed was a good ear and total concentration. I found that I actually enjoyed Les Miserables and I wouldn't be too quick to say no to another one.

Julius Caesar Summary and Study Guide

Julius Caesar Summary and Study Guide J​ulius Caesar may have been the greatest man of all times. His birth date was July 12/13, probably in the year 100 B.C., although it may have been in 102 B.C. Caesar died March 15, 44 B.C., which date is known as the Ides of March. By age 39/40, Julius Caesar had been a widower, divorce, governor (propraetor) of Further Spain, captured by pirates, hailed imperator by adoring troops, quaestor, aedile, consul, named to an important priesthood, and elected pontifex maximus (although he may not have been installed) a lifelong honor usually reserved for the end of a mans career. What was left for his remaining 16/17 years? That for which Julius Caesar was most well known: the Triumvirate, military victories in Gaul, the dictatorship, civil war, and, finally, assassination. Julius Caesar was a general, a statesman, a lawgiver, an orator, an historian, and a mathematician. His government (with modifications) endured for centuries. He never lost a war. He fixed the calendar. He created the first news sheet, Acta Diurna, which was posted on the forum to let everyone who cared to read it know what the Assembly and Senate were up to. He also instigated an enduring law against extortion. Caesar vs. the Aristocracy He traced his ancestry to Romulus, putting him in as aristocratic a position as possible, but his association with his uncle Marius populism put Julius Caesar in political hot water with many of his social class. Under the penultimate Roman king, Servius Tullius, the patricians developed as the privileged class. The patricians then took over as the ruling class when the Roman people, who were fed up with kings, drove out Servius Tullius murderer and successor. This Etruscan king of Rome was referred to as Tarquinius Superbus Tarquin the Proud. With the end of the period of kings, Rome entered into the period of the Roman Republic. At the start of the Roman Republic, the Roman people were mainly farmers, but between the fall of the monarchy and the rise of Julius Caesar, Rome changed dramatically. First, it mastered Italy; then it turned its sights to the Carthaginian hold on the Mediterranean, to gain supremacy over which it needed a fighting naval force. Citizen fighters left their fields prey to land speculators, although if all went well, they returned home with ample booty. Rome was building its remarkable empire. Between slaves and the conquered wealth, the hard-working Roman became the luxury-seeking spendthrift. Real work was carried out by slaves. A rural lifestyle gave way to urban sophistication. Rome Avoided Kings The governing style that developed as an antidote to monarchy originally included severe limitations on the power of any one individual. But by the time large-scale, enduring wars became the norm, Rome needed powerful leaders whose terms would not end mid-battle. Such men were called dictators. They were supposed to step down after the crisis for which they were appointed, although during the late Republic, Sulla had put his own time limits on his term as dictator. Julius Caesar became dictator for life (literally, perpetual dictator). Note: Although Julius Caesar may have been the permanent dictator, he was not the first Roman emperor. The conservatives resisted change, seeing the downfall of the Republic in every nuance of reform. Thus Julius Caesars murder was incorrectly hailed by them as the only way back to the old values. Instead, his murder led to the rise of, first, civil war, and next, the first Roman princeps (from which we get the word prince), whom we refer to as the Emperor Augustus.​ There are only a few names of the great men and women of the ancient world whom almost everyone recognizes. Among these is the last dictator of the Roman Republic, Julius Caesar, whose assassination Shakespeare immortalized in his play,  Julius Caesar. Here are some of the main points to know about this great Roman leader. 1. Caesars Birth Julius Caesar was probably born 3 days before the  Ides of July, in 100 B.C. That date would be July 13. Other possibilities are that he was born on July 12 in 100 B.C. or that he was born on July 12 or 13 in the year 102 B.C. 2. Caesars Pedigreed Family His fathers family was from the patrician gens of the Julii. The Julii traced its lineage to the first king of Rome, Romulus, and the goddess  Venus  or, instead of Romulus, to Venus grandson Ascanius (aka Iulus or Jullus; whence Julius). One patrician branch of the Julian gens was called Caesar. [See  Surnames of the Julii from UNRV.] Julius Caesars parents were Gaius Caesar and Aurelia, daughter of Lucius Aurelius Cotta. 3. Familial Ties Julius Caesar was related by marriage to  Marius. The first 7-time consul, Marius supported the and opposed  Sulla. Sulla supported the  optimates. (It is common, but inaccurate to consider the  optimates  like the conservative party and the  populares  like the liberal party of modern political systems.) Perhaps more familiar to military history buffs, Marius drastically reformed the military during the Republican period. 4. Caesar and the Pirates The young Julius went to Rhodes to study oratory, but on his way he was captured by pirates whom he charmed and seemingly befriended. After he was freed, Julius arranged to have the pirates executed. 5. Cursus Honorum QuaestorJulius entered the course of advancement (cursus honorum) in the Roman political system as quaestor in 68 or 69 B.C.Curule AedileIn 65 B.C., Julius Caesar became curule aedile and then managed to be appointed to the position of  pontifex maximus, contrary to convention, since he was so young.PraetorJulius Caesar became  praetor  for 62 B.C. and during that year divorced his second wife for not being above suspicion, in the Bona Dea scandal involving Claudius/Clodius Pulcher.ConsulJulius Caesar won one of the consulships in 59 B.C. The chief advantage for him of this top political position was that following the term in office, he would become governor (proconsul) of a lucrative province.ProconsulAfter his term as  consul, Caesar was sent to Gaul as the proconsul. 6. Caesars Promiscuity MistressesJulius Caesar himself was guilty of many extra-marital affairs, with Cleopatra, among others. One of the most significant relations was with Servilia Caepionis, the half-sister of Cato the Younger. Because of this relationship, it was thought possible that Brutus was Julius Caesars son.Male LoverJulius Caesar was taunted all his life with charges of having been the lover of King Nicomedes of Bithynia.WivesJulius Caesar married Cornelia, a daughter of Marius associate, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, then a relative of Pompey named Pompeia, and finally, Calpurnia. 7. Triumvirate Julius Caesar engineered a 3-way division of power with enemies Crassus and Pompey that was known as the Triumvirate. More on the 1st Triumvirate 8. Caesars Prose Second-year Latin students are familiar with the military side of Julius Caesars life. As well as conquering the Gallic tribes, he wrote about the  Gallic Wars  in clear, elegant prose, referring to himself in the third person. It was through his campaigns that Julius Caesar was finally able to work his way out of debt, although the third member of the triumvirate, Crassus, also helped. Caesars Gallic Wars Commentaries 9.Rubiconand Civil War Julius Caesar refused to obey the command of the Senate, but instead led his troops across the Rubicon river, which started civil war. 10. Ides of March and Assassination Julius Caesar was the Roman dictator with divine honors, but he didnt have a crown. In 44 B.C. conspirators, claiming they feared Julius Caesar was aiming to become king, assassinated Julius Caesar on the Ides of March. More on the Ides of March 11. Caesars Heirs Although Julius Caesar had a living son, Caesarion (not officially acknowledged), Caesarion was an Egyptian, the son of  Queen Cleopatra, so Julius Caesar adopted a great nephew, Octavian, in his will. Octavian was to become the first Roman emperor, Augustus. 12. Caesar Trivia Caesar was known to be careful or abstemious in his consumption of wine and was said to have been particular in his hygiene, including having himself depilitated. I dont have a source for this. Major Events in the Timeline of Julius Caesar 102/100 B.C. - July 13/12  - Caesars Birth84  - Caesar marries the daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna75  - Pirates capture Caesar73  - Caesar is elected Pontifex69  - Caesar is quaestor. Julia, Caesars aunt (Marius widow), dies. Cornelia, the wife of Caesar, dies67  - Caesar marries Pompeia65  - Caesar is elected Aedile63  - Caesar is elected Pontifex Maximus62  - Caesar is praetor. Caesar divorces Pompeia61  - Caesar is Propraetor of Further Spain60  - Caesar is elected Consul and forms the  Triumvirate59  - Caesar is Consul58  - Caesar defeats the Helvetii and Germans55  - Caesar crosses the Rhine and invades Britain54  - Caesars daughter, who is also Pompeys wife, dies53  - Crassus is killed52  - Clodius is murdered; Caesar defeats Vercingetorix49  - Caesar crosses the  Rubicon  -  Civil War  begins48  - Pompey is murdered46  - Thapsus Battle (Tunisia) against Cato and Scipio. Caesar made dictator. (Third time.)45 or 44 (Before Luperca lia)  - Caesar is declared dictator for life; literally perpetual dictator* Ides of March  - Caesar is assassinated *For most of us, the distinction between perpetual dictator and dictator for life is trivial; however, it is a source of controversy for some. Caesars final step, according to Alfoldi, was a compromise. He had been designated Dictator in perpetuum (Livy Ep. CXVI), or as the coins read, Dictator perpetuo (never, according to Alfoldi p. 36, perpetuus; note that Cicero** cited the dative, dictatori perpetuo, which could fit either form), apparently in the fall of 45 B.C. (Alfoldi pp. 14-15). He had taken up this new dictatorship upon the conclusion of his fourth annual dictatorship on or near February 15. (Mason Hammond. Review of Studien à ¼ber Caesars Monarchie by Andreas Alfà ¶ldi. The Classical Weekly, Vol. 48, No. 7, Feb. 28, 1955, pp. 100-102.) Cicero (106-43 B.C.) and Livy (59 B.C.-A.D. 17) were contemporaries of Caesar. Study Guide Non-Fiction Caesars Final Aims, by Victor Ehrenberg.  Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 68, (1964), pp. 149-161.Caesar: Life of a Colossus, by Adrian GoldsworthyCaesar, by Christian Meier. 1995Party Politics in the Age of Caesar, by Lily Ross Taylor. Reissued in 1995.The Roman Revolution, by Ronald Syme. 1969. Fiction Colleen McCulloughs  Masters of Rome  series provides a well researched historical fiction series on Julius Caesar: First Man in RomeThe Grass CrownFortunes FavoritesCaesars WomenCaesar, A NovelThe October Horse Questions to Consider What would have happened to Rome had Caesar remained in power?Would the Republic have continued?Was the change from Republic to Empire inevitable?Were Caesars assassins traitors?Was Caesar a traitor when he crossed the Rubicon?Under what circumstances is treason justified?Why is Caesar the greatest leader ever?What reasons are there for saying he was not?What are Caesars most important/lasting contributions?

Assessment Essay Example for Free

Assessment Essay Initial assessment- the starting part, used to decide what is known, what needs to be taught and what can be assessed. Formative assessment- this stage is where the learner is still in training and requires feedback on how they are progressing. Summative- used to judge completion. Whether you have passed or not. Holistic- clustering of assessments based on the grouping of a work role, rather than stand alone. Functions of assessment in training – Identify the skill gap – Design the training – Deliver the training – Plan the assessment – Assess – Feedback – Either move on to the next part of training or go back and re do the previous assessment. This starts from the minute you get a new learner signed on. I do this by, setting out a training plan, giving the training, deciding with the learner when we both feel they are ready to be assessed and then do the assessment. With Sonya, she came from another salon where she had already done her level 2, she was about to be signed on to level 3. Before we got her signed on we done an assessment on a colour and a cut to make sure she was competent at level 2. 1:2 Key concepts and principles of assessment Reliability: By using the criteria and qualification and credit framework any assessor working independently should come to the same decision when assessing a learner. The learner should have been given the appropriate training and be competent to do the assessment. Validity: Is the work valid to the unit? The learner should be watched at all times to make sure the work is authentic. Assessments show us, what the learner is capable of and where further training would be required. It would also show if the learner needed any extra help. 1:3 Responsibilities of the assessor – Make sure the candidates logbook is marked of when an assessment has been passed. – Provide opportunities for assessment and make sure you book time out in your column. – Be fair to all candidates, avoid any discrimination, comparing one against the other. – Assess the learner against the national occupational standards and not your own opinion of what the standards should be. – Consider the needs of the individual candidates; one might have a different learning style to the other. Learning difficulties should also be taken into account and help appropriate given where needed. – Plan and assess assessments with candidates. Make sure learner and assessor think it is the right assessment to be done and that the learner is capable of doing the assessment. – Place the learner under no undue pressure. If the candidate does not feel good about doing the assessment you should encourage them, if as an assessor you think they are capable of passing the assessment. But do not apply pressure as this could make the learner worry or feel stressed out by this. – Check and ensure all the evidence is valid, authentic, current, sufficient and reliable. Make sure the work is valid to the unit and accurate, the learners own work, the work is consistent and of the appropriate nvq level criteria and is not a fluke. The work should also be current, i.e. if the learner has transferred salons and had some assessments already signed off you should make sure they are currently competent. – Give constructive feedback. Using â€Å"complement sandwich† Positive comment Critical comment Positive comment Make sure you include the learner to give self assessment so you know how they think they have done. When giving your feedback always start with â€Å"how do you think you did?† Always give feedback promptly and record all assessment decisions and evidence clearly and fully so that everyone can always look back and see what has been said and done. Also in case there are any disagreements on the outcome you can look back at the records. – Agree future action plans with the learner so that both the learner and assessor know what the next stage will be. – Any discussions with the learner should be carried out in a professional manor. During meetings with the learner you should review the progress of assessment plans and determine where additional learning and training is required. I have recently had an issue with one of my trainee’s, she did not want to be taught anymore, and just wanted to be assessed on her cutting. She felt she had had enough training , although I didn’t. As she felt very strongly about this I allowed her to do a model we were going to use as training as an assessment, I did this so she would understand that she needs more training. Once she had completed the assessment I checked the cut, and explained to her where she had gone wrong, and also explained to her that with a little bit more practice she would be able to be assessed on models similar to what she had done and would be able to be marked off on them. She has agreed to have a little bit more training and agreed we will decide together in future when she will be assessed so as not to waste models. 1:4 Regulations and requirements relevant to assess hairdressing. – Realistic working environment. Must develop realistic management procedures that incorporate a ‘salon image’. – All assessments must be carried out under realistic commercial pressures and on paying clients. Assessments should be completed within the commercial timescale. Candidates must be able to achieve a realistic volume of work. – The space per working area conforms to health and safety legislation. – The range of services, professional tools, products, materials and equipment must be up to date and available for use. A reception area for clients to be greeted must be available. It must also include a payment facility. – A retail facility must be provided. Assessment. (2016, Sep 20).

Gender Discrimination Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Discrimination - Term Paper Example There are different contexts that sexual  discrimination  may  arise  (Ayres, p 65). For example, an employee attending an  interview  may be asked discriminatory questions, or an  employer  wrongfully terminated or did not  promote  an employee based on their sexual affiliations, an employer failing to hire an employee, or an employer pays  unequal  remunerations based on gender. Another instance is in an educational  setting  whereby there might be claims of a student  being left  out on  educational  institution, opportunity, program, student loan, scholarship, or student  group  due to their gender. In a housing setting, instances may be declined the right to negotiate on seeking a  house, leasing or contracting a  house  based on their sex. In a bank setting, an individual may be offered  unequal  loan terms or their  plea  for loans rejected based on their gender. Whereas there may be assertions of non-physical disparity bet ween men and women, academic  literature  based on gender find only a limited  amount  of characteristics that are similar psychological differentials, between women and men, these are directly in relation to experiences pegged on biological discrepancies (Gunderson, p129). There are  psychological  variations regarding to how problems, emotional reactions and perceptions relating to hormones, and the relevant characteristics of each sex during the long-term  function  in  historic  primitive  lifestyles. According to the United Nations, women more often than not  face  a â€Å"glass ceiling† and that no societies are available whereby women enjoy equal opportunities as men (Gregory, p82). The term describes a  distinguished  barrier  to progress in employment based on sex discrimination. In 1995, the Glass Ceiling Commission, a United Sates government financially funded group regardless of the fact that women  are awarded  over 50% of all masters degrees, 95% of senior managers, of over 1000  industrial  and 500 service companies are of the male gender. The  commission  recommended affirmative action in their report which considers employee’s race and gender.  while hiring and promoting employees, This is to  eradicate  this discrimination (Gregory p83).  In 2008, as a result of this move, 51% of all workers in well- paying professional, management, and related occupations were women. They were a larger number than men in occupations such as  financial  managers, public relations managers, and human resource managers. Transgender individuals, both female to male and male to female face difficulties which  eventually  result  to underachievement, dismissals,  difficulty  in job searching, social isolation, and sometimes violent attacks (Cohn, p74). However, gender discrimination is not only revealing itself with women or in transgender individuals. Men are also sometimes victimized on the basis of sex in certain fields of  employment  such as office administration and childcare settings conventionally assumed to be â€Å"women’s jobs†. Other ways in which gender  discrimination  may reveal itself is through an employee claims that a manager or another individual in power makes statements or jokes that are  insulting, demeaning, or offensive to women (McLean, Sheila, and Noreen, p68). Another instance is a  case  of a  manager  who clarifies through his words or actions that he has

Industrial Hygiene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industrial Hygiene - Essay Example An exposure to the level above the limit is a violation of the law and can lead to the company’s closure or fine. However, it has been noted that an employee may be exposed to a hazardous materials at a level of about 2/3 of the allowable limit, but still show symptoms consistent with the exposure to the material. This paper explores this issue in terms of exposure limits, absorbed dose, sampling, analysis, and other individual factors. As earlier stated, the OSHA did establish an Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) to ensure that workers are not exposed to too much chemicals that may be dangerous for their health. OEL refers to an allowable intensity of hazardous chemicals at the workplace over a given period of time. The limit of exposure is expressed on a time-weighted average (TWA) of 8 hours. It can also be expressed on a short-term average limit (STEL) of 15 or 30 minutes of exposure, which is the concentration level to which an employee can be exposed to the chemicals without showing any signs of the hazardous chemicals (Nims, 1999). Therefore, an employee exposed to hazardous chemicals of about 2/3 of the allowable limit implies an exposure to the chemicals for a period within the limit permitted by the OSHA. Despite the exposure being within the allowable limit, an employee can still show signs consistent with the exposure to the hazardous materials when the dosage absorbed within the limit is high. This is because there are certain chemicals that are very poisonous and any slight contact with such materials will manifest itself on the employee either through irritation, swellings, breathing problems just to name but a few. In addition, an employee may still show the symptoms of exposure to the materials despite not exceeding the allowable limits when the exposure to the dosage of the chemical has been gradual thereby resulting into high accumulation of the hazardous chemicals in the body. When such occurs, definitely the worker will

George Blacks The Trout Pool Paradox Essay Example for Free

George Blacks The Trout Pool Paradox Essay It’s hard to imagine that three rivers, running so purely for so many years could contribute to a damaged environment.   The rivers were created by nature and there was nothing harmful about them.   They only added beauty to their surroundings and who would have ever thought that such beautiful rivers could lend aid to the destruction of the environment? Several people of an older age were asked about the rives effectiveness, now, versus what they used to be and it would quite clear that industry has put a huge damage on our society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Less than two hours from New York, the two Connecticut rivers run in parallel valleys only a few miles apart and they have charted the course of American, environmental, industrial, and our social history and they do have very different results as George Black explains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Housatonic, The Naugatuck and the Shepaug flow parallel to one another and they are a short distance apart; only a few mile separates the rivers.   There are so many similarities connects these rivers.   Very fast waters and rock filled, these rivers are surrounded by farmland that is extremely prone to flooding.   The town was a great place to start a mill, which could easily turn a small, quiet town into a new revolutionized, booming factory town.   Because, one river only was used, the Naugatuck, it became the  brass and rubber   world capital for the industry.   The Shepaug, ended up being a rural idyll.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main town of Waterbury, one of the towns and it was even named in (Money Magazine as the most unlivable city in America.) Reference Money Magazine, where the two valleys became polar opposites.   The main town on the Shepaug is Washington, and it has become a terribly expensive get away for people on weekends for a vast amount of the higher classed people of New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George Black made a great attempt to study and explain the â€Å"trout pool paradox† and how these rivers became the focus of an environmentally harmful industry.   George Black looks into the history of these three rivers and talks about the effect that the factories, from the Industrial Revolution affected the people who live near these rivers, and the population who fish, live and spend so much of their time fighting and working to protect the Housatonic and its tributaries, recently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A hundred years ago the idea of the environment being in jeopardy was never even fathomed.   It was assumed by the people of Connecticut that their way of life would continue, without interruption.   They never imagined that the huge factories that were fed by a waterway could have such a great impact on society.   If they could have foreseen the future, I’m sure something would have been done to discourage the development of the water powered mills that would operate the factories that contributed to the deterioration of the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Man directly had a bad impact on the environment by building the factories and destroying the pureness of the rivers that were written about by George Black.   He could  see that society was directly impacted upon by the dangerous smoke and chemical hazards that were so worried about by him.   He was attempting to study and in by writing about the three rivers in â€Å"The Trout Pool Paradox,† to unveil the dangerous hazards that were brought on my society’s incredible desire to make more money and revolutionize the town in Connecticut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George Black says that it is important that we realize that we have come so far in realizing how everyone needs to be aware of steps we each must take to secure that are environment is being tended to and that we are aware of the hazards that the Industrial Revolution have brought upon our land and waters.   He seems generally sincere in the aspect that he cares about our ecosystem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the last thirty or more years, great attempts have been displayed with concerned people who fight for the ecosystem and spend much of their time being sure that the hazardous pollutants are being directly made known to the public and George Black is one of these concerned individuals who spent time to give his thoughts on the crumbling of the ecosystem by writing â€Å"The Trout Pool Paradox.†Ã‚   He made us look at these rivers and the town in Connecticut and how they remained untouched since the beginning of their existence, and I think it hurt him to see the direct harm that was cast upon these.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The people of America must come together as a team, each agreeing that it takes an entire society of people working together and expressing their concerns about our stream, rivers and towns.   We do have the power as a whole to speak about the dangers that are being forced upon our environment.   If we work together and have meetings and television and radio time to discuss the environment and bring so much more awareness to the idea of protecting our ecosystem.   If we really believe that we have the power to turn things around, I do believe that we can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It only takes a few people to get things started.   We can each do our part by speaking up and voicing our opinions.   We can demand that hazardous factories be shut down and replaced by more economically friendly ran factories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George Black delved into the thoughts of the public of the two communities that were two competing political cultures, and who were generally having a battle with each other over the meaning of running water.   George Black found that each community, each with their own ideas about the way things should be.   He searched into the question of what was the motives and how deep did their feeling run, concerning their environment. He realized how differently the two cultures had expressed their perception of what was going on around them.   He realized that each had different views, and thought it to be incredible that their views could be so different.   He felt after speaking to the people of the areas, that their stories needed to be told and felt that it was important to share his discoveries of the variance in opinions with the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I realize after gathering information that it was important for George Black to fish in the Shepaug watershed which is the main ideal of the trout stream.   It is terrible that only miles away, the Naugatuck is nothing more than a â€Å"chemical sewer† and it even catches on fire, sometimes and it must have been terribly devastating for the community who had once know the river and loved the river for it’s clean flowing water and it’s popularity for fishing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I don’t think any amount of money in the world is worth wasting a perfectly good river.   There could and should have been a better idea than just destroying our environments and communities because of greed.   The people who built and ran the factories in Connecticut should have take more time and should have performed in-depth studies before they so carelessly and directly aided in the destruction of our environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It isn’t too late to try to save our ecosystem.   Even though so much harm has already been done to our rivers, we can still set forth actions by showing our concern for our environment.   We can write to our Congress people.   We can voice our opinion, just as George Black did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you view the Shepaug and the Naugatuck, you can’t really just see, with your eyes, their radically different evolution. The main important idea is to understand and to try to talk about how the currents of our natural history and our social history are connected.   We must look at how each of these waterways and ask ourselves, â€Å"How are they intertwined and how do they influence each other in various ways. A great Revolutionary Revolution, or reindustrialization, does not run uniformly through an area in a community just like New England, one river valley and then the next.   There are so many social issues   and changes brought on by the rivers but it is evident that the social issues are the ones that are most important. Events in history have altered life, as we know it, and have made huge impacts on the way we look at these two intertwined rivers. Sometimes our natural history can be changed by a single natural disaster but the idea that one river can be untouched and the other so close to it can completely be destroyed is unthinkable!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Housatonic Valley, it is evident that the course of history has been altered to  a great degree. The leaders of the Waterbury brass industry were able to devastate the Naugatuck Valley due to the fact that there was no effective checks on their power.   This neglect has had an impact, as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shephaug continues to flow seemingly untouched, offering some of the best fishing in the country (Houghton Mifflin, April),â€Å"The Trout Pool Paradox† can be used as a way of exploring four hundred years of our history in America.   You could point out different communities in America who have directly been affected by pollutants, and if they were written about and pointed out by other writers, as well as George Black, America could be a safer place to live in and their streams and rivers could be saved. Who knows how many rivers may be under great threat right now, and how one person could write a story such as â€Å"The Trout Pool Paradox† and bring immediate attention to the hazard that a beautiful river or stream might be threatened by.   Just by George Black’s thoughts on the destruction of our environment gives me great appreciation for his concern about our natural surroundings and it gives me a sense of responsibility to my community and to all of American rivers, streams, ponds and lakes. Reference; George Black, The Trout Pool Paradox

Symbols in The Scarlet Letter Essay examples -- essays research papers

Symbols in "The Scarlet Letter" In The Scarlet Letter, symbols appear everywhere. Hawthorne uses several different concrete objects to represent something of deeper meaning. Among these symbols is the scarlet letter "A" itself. It is made of red cloth and beautifully embroidered. It is a literal symbol of the sin of adultery. The letter "A" appears in several places and several forms. It is the letter that appears on Hester's heart that she is condemned to wear for the remainder of her life. At Governor Bellingham's mansion it is magnified in the breastplate. It seems as though she is hidden behind it. On the night that Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold with Hester and Pearl, a huge letter A appears in the sky. Later, while in the forest, Pearl arranges a letter a on her heart that is made of eel grass. One of the most dramatic of the A's that appear in the book is the A that appears on Dimmesdale's chest. Not only does the "A" symbolize adultery, but it also has several other meanings to the different characters a s well. To the community, it is simply a mark of punishment. To Hester, it is a mark of embarrassment and humiliation. To Dimmesdale, the scarlet letter is a reminder of his own guilt. To Pearl, the mark is a mysterious curiosity. To Chillingworth, the "A" is his chance to get revenge on Dimmesdale. Later, the letter symbolizes "Able" when Hester wins some respect from the townspeople. The scarlet letter is meant to be a symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter's meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulterer, the â€Å"A† eventually comes to stand for â€Å"Able.† Finally, it becomes indeterminate: the Native Americans who come to watch the Election Day pageant think it marks her as a person of importance and status. Like Pearl, the letter functions as a physical reminder of Hester's affair with Dimmesdale. But, compared with a human child, the letter seems insignificant, and thus helps to point out the ultimate meaninglessness of the community's system of judgment and punishment. The child has been sent from God, or at least from nature, but the letter is merely a human contrivance. Additionally, the instability of the letter's apparent meaning calls into question society's ability to use symbols for ideological reinforcement. More often than not, a symbol becomes. .. ... opposed to the strict Puritan community and laws. However, it is also a place where the witches come and sign their souls to the devil. Therefore, the forest can also symbolize darkness and evil Forest One of the most integral parts of the book, when Hester Prynne speaks to the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale about their predicament, takes place in the forest. When reading the novel, it becomes increasingly apparent that there is a contrast between the forest and the town, as settings. The forest symbolizes a dark and mysterious place where impulses and urges reign and also where the goings-on are to be kept a secret. The forest is described as dismal, gloomy and full of shadows with an imposing, cloudy sky that is filled with threatening storms. When Dimmesdale and Hester first see each other, Hawthorne describes them as being "in the world beyond the grave, of two spirits who had intimately connected in their former life, but now stood coldly shuddering, in mutual dead". Also in the forest, Hester undid the clasp that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it to a distance among the withered leaves....[and] took off the formal cap that confined her hair.

Cultural Supression: Abusive Behavior Towards Women and Its Effect on the Spread of Hiv/Aids

Africa is facing a devastating crisis with respect to the AIDS epidemic, currently accounting for over 70% of the world's HIV-positive population. There are, of course, many factors that drive the explosive transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, but in the tangled web that is the epidemic in Africa, many of these issues share a common thread. The oppression of women in Africa can be considered the virus' cultural vector. Females are rendered powerless in African societies, and existing gender inequalities are largely responsible for the spread of the disease.Females' disadvantaged position in society is intrinsically linked to the subordination of women in their relationships with men. In order for progress to be made, an examination of gender relations and empowerment for women must take place. To be successful, AIDS campaigns must be built on the existing organizational skills of women, but must incorporate men as well. The blatantly skewed distribution of power in Afric an patriarchal societies makes women extremely vulnerable but has dangerous implications for all.To examine the forces that steer the epidemic down its course, the epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Africa must first be considered. More than 80% of all HIV infections in Africa are acquired through heterosexual contact. This statistic is grossly out of balance with the 13% rate of infection through heterosexual contact in the United States. Vertical transmission from mother to child is the second most common route for the virus to take in Africa (Essex et al. , 158). These rates are generally much higher than in the United States and Europe, where the use of a drug called nevirapine has drastically reduced mother-to-child transmission.This disparity is a direct result of differences in the nations' wealth. African nations simply cannot afford to provide the drug to infected pregnant women. The continued transmission of HIV through contaminated blood during processes such as blood transf usions is another dismal consequence of poverty and inferior health services in many African countries. This method accounts for the third most important mode of transmission, one that has been virtually eradicated in many countries because the technology is available to prevent it (Essex et al. 159). Part of what makes the situation in Africa so devastating is that the primary roads the virus travels in Africa were shut down long ago in other countries. Much of the world's population already takes many of the roadblocks for granted. The transmission route of heterosexual contact is so heavily traveled in Africa that it demands an examination of sexual behavior. Before we delve into the workings of intimate relationships, however, the fine points of gender inequality in the public sphere must be examined.These social conditions spill over into every aspect of life, tainting women's casual and sexual relationships with men. Women are systematically disadvantaged in African society. M ale bias in the structures of society is reflected in day-to-day behavior, embedded in legislation, policy, political and religious ideologies, and cultural conventions (Baylies et al. , 6). Examples of this trend abound. The Civil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia designates the husband as the head of the family and gives him the authority to administer household property.The husband is given the right to control and manage common property and to make all decisions regarding it. While the Code requires that the husband act judiciously and not alienate property without the consent of his wife, strong traditional and cultural beliefs discourage women from enforcing this requirement (African Region Findings). In Kenya, the Constitution permits the application of customary law to personal matters. The Constitution contains no provisions for gender as a basis for non-discrimination and consequently, even gender-biased practices are held as valid and constitutional.Women's access to economi c resources in Kenya is largely defined by customary laws (African Region Findings). Inheritance is usually along the male lineage; women do not inherit family property. Not only do women have less access to income and possess much less wealth than their male counterparts, but they also contribute more hours of labor than men do (Baylies, et. al. , 7). In a village meeting held in rural Lushoto, Tanzania, in 1996, coordinated in response to AIDS, even two of the men present agreed that women take the heavier burden. A man, if you need him, is always out,† an elderly man spoke out, â€Å"whereas the woman is the one at home, taking care of cooking and all other household affairs. . . . We get up in the mornings and go about our business and don't concern ourselves with whether [the children] eat or not,† he continued. â€Å"We leave it all to mama. We give orders, we are ‘dictators' in the home† (Baylies et al. , 191). Most of the men, however, did not share his capacity to see the situation in this way. One male maintains, â€Å"as a man you have so many things to attend to, and you rely on her to think of things like soap for washing† (Baylies et al. 190). Women's limited opportunities also translate into reduced access to education.Their lower levels of literacy contribute to their more limited access to information about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV (Baylies et al. , 6). Cultural conventions prevent them from asserting themselves in public, squelching any hope of improving their situation in this way. Since their work is confined to the domestic field, women's labor does not command market value, leaving them dependent on those members of the household who operate in the cash economy (Baylies et al. 7). Economic need often drives women to enter into prostitution. The selling of sex, many argue, is often the only choice African women have â€Å"between starvation and survival† (Essex et al. , 538). It is the l ink between women's position in wider society and position in sexual relations that is crucial to understanding their vulnerability to the virus. UNAIDS reported in 1999 that in sub-Saharan Africa 12 or 13 women are infected with the HIV virus for every 10 men (Russell 101). Women have characteristically been viewed as responsible for transmitting the virus.Prostitutes are blamed for spreading HIV to clients, and mothers are blamed for passing it to their children (Essex et al. , 3). Females are thought to have a polluting influence and are treated as â€Å"vaginas or uteruses,† â€Å"whores or mothers,† and â€Å"vectors or vessels† as opposed to people (Essex et al. , 3). Instead of regarding women as blameworthy for the severity of the AIDS epidemic in Africa, they should be more accurately perceived as occupying a cultural niche in which they are highly vulnerable to contracting the virus.Since women are forced to relinquish the driver's seat to males in the public sphere, they certainly have no say in the nature and timing of their sexual activity in the private sphere, leaving the roads HIV travels open to traffic. Intimate relations revolve around the same â€Å"notions of personhood† that operate in the larger society (Baylies, et. al. , 7). The outcomes of these gender ideologies take form as sexual practices. The foundation of these sexual understandings seems to be that women are expected to give but not receive pleasure.Sexual norms prescribe relative passivity for females, while according sexual decision making to men (Baylies et al. , 7). Tolerance is expected for the greater sexual mobility of men. Female fidelity is usually viewed as necessary while male infidelity is consistent with the extension of the familial line (Essex et al. , 534). The double standard expectation is that women will enter into a marriage as virgins but men will not. In patriarchal, sub-Saharan African cultures, marriage can be defined as a leg ally and socially sanctioned relationship between a man and a woman within which procreation takes place (Essex et al. 534). Women are not viewed as people capable of sexual pleasure but as the means by which to achieve an end. That end is the perpetuation of the family line. This prime value on marriage and motherhood presses young girls into risky, multiple-partner relationships long before they are psychologically or physically mature. Young women cannot refuse the sexual demands of older men nor bear the social stigma of being without a husband or children (Essex et al. , 536). Women are powerless within their relationships and have too little power outside of them to abandon partners that put them at risk.How, then, do these social and sexual patterns account for the severity of the AIDS epidemic in Africa? Many claim that male privilege is what drives the AIDS epidemic, even going so far as to call AIDS a form of mass femicide (Russell 100). Diane Russell bluntly states, †Å"Those women who contract HIV/AIDS from their male partners because of their sexist attitudes and behavior, and/or because of their superior power and dominant status, are? when they die? victims of femicide† (102). There are many examples of manifestations of male domination that can be fatal for female partners.Male refusal to use condoms is perhaps the most critical of these behaviors. Utilization of condoms is the one factor that would undoubtedly reduce transmission rates drastically. Women are not even allowed to ask, â€Å"Can we have sex? ,† so it is even more difficult to bring up condom use (Russell 103). However, if a woman does find the courage to ask her male partner to use a condom, not only will he almost certainly refuse, he is likely to beat her. â€Å"Talk to him about donning a rubber sheath and be prepared for accusations, abuse or abandonment,† relates Johanna McGeary in TIME magazine.Her article also related the story of a nurse in Durban, who, coming home from an AIDS training class, suggested that her husband put on a condom. He proceeded to grab a pot and bang on it loudly, attracting all the neighbors. He pointed a knife at her and demanded: â€Å"Where was she between 4 p. m. and now? Why is she suddenly suggesting that? What has changed after 20 years that she wants a condom? † One man, who had already infected his wife with HIV and was developing open herpes sores on his penis, objected to his wife's suggestion of using condoms, accusing her of having a boyfriend (Russell 103).Even educated men, aware of the AIDS risk, balk at the suggestion. McGeary heard the same answer come up again and again: â€Å"That question is nonnegotiable. † Several myths account for the lack of condom use, even when they are distributed for no cost: your erection can't grow, free condoms must be too cheap to be safe, condoms fill up with germs, condoms from overseas bring the disease with them, condoms donated by forei gn governments have holes in them so that Africans will die (McGeary).Some men simply decide they do not like the way condoms feel, and that is enough to decide the issue. When interviewed, one couple in Kanyama, Zambia, reported using condoms for contraception, but the husband started to complain that they were â€Å"burning† him and was not going to continue using them (Baylies et al. , 98). The established trend is that women must risk infection to please men. Women compromise their sexual safety to men's pleasure by even more drastic physical means. Throughout Southern Africa, many women practice â€Å"dry sex† to please their husbands.This involved drying out the vagina with soil mixed with baboon urine; some use detergents, salts, cotton, or shredded newspaper (Russell 102). Not only is dry sex reportedly very painful for women, it causes vaginal lacerations and suppresses the vagina's natural bacteria, both of which increase the likelihood of contracting the HIV virus when engaging in sex with an infected partner (Russell 103). Since women are already twice as likely to contract HIV from a single encounter than are men, this is extremely dangerous (McGeary).The decision to engage in dry sex can be made for economical reasons as well. The prostitute who dries out her vagina can charge more, 50 or 60 rands ($6. 46 to $7. 75), enough to pay a child's school fees or to eat for a week (McGeary). This is in contrast to the 20 rands ($2. 84) she might receive otherwise. Since male economic privilege plays a major role in forcing women into prostitution, any AIDS deaths resulting from it can be considered femicide. Economic disadvantage for females drives them to participate in other â€Å"dirty† deals.Teenage girls especially are easy prey for older, wealthier â€Å"sugar daddies,† men who provide money and goods in exchange for sex (Essex et al. , 536). Sex has been referred to as the â€Å"currency by which women and girls are ex pected to pay for life's opportunities, from a passing grade in school to a trading license† (Baylies et al. , 7). Girls as young as ten and eleven in Tanzania have been reported as having sexual relations with men for chips, Coke, money for videos or transport to school (Baylies et al. , 11).Sexual networking has dangerous implications for the spread of HIV, leaving many young women with much more than they bargained for. Yet another expression of male dominance on which the virus thrives is the practice of female genital mutilation. This practice, which has roots in the patriarchal society, is defined by the World Health Organization as the removal of part or all of the external female genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons (Russell 104).It is designed to cater to men's sexual preferences and reinforce their control over women. The tendency of mutilated genitals to bleed, especially during intercourse, puts women at high risk for contracting the virus, as does the repeated use of the crude instruments used to perform these operations. The tools are often used on a number of girls on the same occasion (Russell 105). This practice is imposed on millions of girls in Africa. It is an attack not only on their bodies but also on their womanhood, on their personhood, and on their ability to protect themselves from a deadly disease.Tolerance of male promiscuity is a further social construction that strips away females' autonomy with fatal consequences. Men are accepted as sexually voracious by nature. â€Å"They are like that, and you can't do anything,† says one girl in Lushoto (Baylies et al. , 128). Many families' economic situations require that husbands are gone for months at a time in order to work, and they are certainly not expected to abstain from sexual activity during this time. Another Lushoto girl, married to a trader often away in Dar es Salaam, reports that she is afraid of her hu sband, worrying â€Å"he may infect me† (Baylies et al. 128). Her concern is absolutely justified. When a wife suspects that her husband has many partners outside the marriage, she is not entitled to refuse to engage in sex. â€Å"You are a wife, what can you do? † is the sad reality for most (Baylies et al. , 128). Marriage is an institution of vulnerability for women in Africa with respect to HIV. In general, it is men who bring HIV into a marriage (Baylies et al. , 11). Women can be infected, not through promiscuous activity on their own part, but as a consequence of being faithful to their husbands.The prevalence of AIDS in Africa also transforms sexual assaulters into murderers. The problem of rape is especially highlighted in South Africa, where a woman is estimated to be five times more likely to be raped than a woman in the United States (Russell 106). It is an extremely rare event that a rape is reported at all; 75% are believed to remain unreported (Russell 1 07). The existence of rape gangs is also a serious problem in South Africa. The term for recreational gang rape is jackrolling, and it is considered a game, not a crime.An analysis of gender relations in Africa provides insight into how and why HIV spreads so efficiently. The question now becomes what should be done with this knowledge to generate prevention strategies. It is obvious that women must become more empowered for the epidemic to be slowed with any significance. Russell claims that the first order of business requires educating people about the role played by male domination in the spread of HIV and AIDS, and that policies must then be developed to eliminate manifestations of patriarchy (109).It is clear that education should focus more on gender issues than the need to avoid risky sexual behavior. However, as has been demonstrated over and over, increased knowledge does not always translate into changed behavior. Baylies and Bujra investigate the potential of women's gro ups in campaigns of protection against HIV in Africa. They also point out that if economic dependence on men is a factor underlying women's vulnerability, greater economic security should serve to empower women. For this to occur, women would require higher levels of education.How men should be involved is another debatable issue. Male behaviors not only put their partners in danger, but themselves as well. Therefore, not only do men bear responsibility in this area, but it would be in their interest to assist in the process. One thing is clear: if the AIDS epidemic is to become any less of a problem in Africa, women will have to be empowered. Though AIDS is certainly a virtually impossible fire to extinguish in any context, the patriarchal society and exploitation of women not only fuels the flames but turns a fire into an inferno.For millions of African women, this hell is the reality. Their inferior position in larger society renders them powerless in sexual relations. The manife station of these social constructions emerges in sexual practices and behavior that not only allow HIV to transmit at alarming rates, but also are blatant violations of basic human rights. When African women are no longer denied these fundamental rights, a decrease in the severity of the epidemic will undoubtedly follow.Works Cited African Region Findings. The World Bank Group, No. 126, January 1999. ttp://www. worldbank. org/afr/findings/english/find126. htm April 29, 2002. Baylies, Carolyn and Janet Burja. AIDS, Sexuality and Gender in Africa. NY: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2000. Essex, Max, Souleymane Mboup, Phyllis J. Kanki, and Mbowa R. Kalengayi, eds. AIDS in Africa. NY: Raven Press, 1994. McGeary, Johanna. Death Stalks A Continent. Time Magazine, 2001. http://www. time. com/time/2001/aidsinafrica/cover. html April 29, 2002. Russell, Diane E. H. and Roberta A. Harmes, eds. Femicide in Global Perspective. NY: Teachers College Press, 2001.

Estimate a Population Parameter

Estimation is a procedure by which a numerical value or values are assigned to a population parameter based on the information collected from a sample. The assignment of value(s) to a population parameter based on a value of the corresponding sample statistic is called estimation. In inferential statistics, _ is called the true population mean and p is called the true population proportion. There are many other population parameters, such as the median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.The following are a few examples of estimation: an auto company may want to estimate the mean fuel consumption for a particular model of a car; a manager may want to estimate the average time taken by new employees to learn a job; the U. S. Census Bureau may want to find the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by households; and the AWAH (Association of Wives of Alcoholic Husbands) may want to find the proportion (or percentage) of all husbands who are alcoholic.The examples about estimat ing the mean fuel consumption, estimating the average time taken to learn a job by new employees, and estimating the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by households are illustrations of estimating the true population mean. The example about estimating the proportion (or percentage) of all husbands who are alcoholic is an illustration of estimating the true population proportion, p.This article explains how to assign values to population parameters based on the values of sample statistics. For example, to estimate the mean time taken to learn a certain job by new employees, the manager will take a sample of new employees and record the time taken by each of these employees to learn the job. Using this information, he or she will calculate the sample mean, then, based on the value of he or she will assign certain values to _.As another example, to estimate the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by all households in the United States, the Census Bureau will take a sa mple of certain households, collect the information on the housing expenditure that each of these households incurs per month, and compute the value of the sample mean, Based on this value of the bureau will then assign values to the population mean, _. The sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter is called an estimator.The estimation procedure involves the following steps. 1. Select a sample. 2. Collect the required information from the members of the sample. 3. Calculate the value of the sample statistic. 4. Assign value(s) to the corresponding population parameter. Remember, the procedures to be mentioned above assume that the sample taken is a simple random sample. If the sample is not a simple random sample, then the procedures to be used to estimate a population mean or proportion become more complex. Estimate a Population Parameter Estimation is a procedure by which a numerical value or values are assigned to a population parameter based on the information collected from a sample. The assignment of value(s) to a population parameter based on a value of the corresponding sample statistic is called estimation. In inferential statistics, _ is called the true population mean and p is called the true population proportion. There are many other population parameters, such as the median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.The following are a few examples of estimation: an auto company may want to estimate the mean fuel consumption for a particular model of a car; a manager may want to estimate the average time taken by new employees to learn a job; the U. S. Census Bureau may want to find the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by households; and the AWAH (Association of Wives of Alcoholic Husbands) may want to find the proportion (or percentage) of all husbands who are alcoholic.The examples about estimat ing the mean fuel consumption, estimating the average time taken to learn a job by new employees, and estimating the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by households are illustrations of estimating the true population mean. The example about estimating the proportion (or percentage) of all husbands who are alcoholic is an illustration of estimating the true population proportion, p.This article explains how to assign values to population parameters based on the values of sample statistics. For example, to estimate the mean time taken to learn a certain job by new employees, the manager will take a sample of new employees and record the time taken by each of these employees to learn the job. Using this information, he or she will calculate the sample mean, then, based on the value of he or she will assign certain values to _.As another example, to estimate the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by all households in the United States, the Census Bureau will take a sa mple of certain households, collect the information on the housing expenditure that each of these households incurs per month, and compute the value of the sample mean, Based on this value of the bureau will then assign values to the population mean, _. The sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter is called an estimator.The estimation procedure involves the following steps. 1. Select a sample. 2. Collect the required information from the members of the sample. 3. Calculate the value of the sample statistic. 4. Assign value(s) to the corresponding population parameter. Remember, the procedures to be mentioned above assume that the sample taken is a simple random sample. If the sample is not a simple random sample, then the procedures to be used to estimate a population mean or proportion become more complex.

Guilt in the Scarlet Letter essays

Guilt in the Scarlet Letter essays Guilt and redemption in Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthrone is a central topic of the novel. The whole story is based on the life of a married woman after committing adultery and describes the effects of this sin. There are two persons who are exposed to this sin and guilt: Hester, a married woman and Reverend Dimmesdale. If Hester was courage enough to struggle this problem and face all hardships and misfortunes with dignity after confessing, then the fear of exposal and shame of the committed sin turned into a personal catastrophe for Dimmesdale. As a result, failing to struggle with the shame and guilt reverend Dimmssdale died. The guilt for Hester as a result turned into a shameful page of her life: she had to wear scarlet letter on her closing, which marked her as sinner and she had to raise her illegitimate daughter Pearl, who was embodiment of this sin. After society found out her sin, Hester was cruelly punished for being adulterer. Because novel takes place in Puritan New England the issues of morality were very strict and the punishment was very cruel. The most terrible thing in Hesters sin was that she committed adultery with towns minister; reverend Dimmesdale and she had to keep silence about it. After spending several months in jail and being affected to 3 hours of public humiliation, Hester had to wear red letter A that would mark her as adulterer. For Puritans this letter stood as "a living sermon against sin (Hawthorne 69), but for Hester it was a life reminder of her guilt: the peculiar effect of this convex mirror, the scarlet letter was represented in exaggerated and gigantic proportions, so as to be greatly the most prominent feature of her appearance. In truth, she seemed absolutely hidden behind it(72). Nevertheless, despite all hardships and humiliation she had to stand in her own city, Hester was able to accept it and continue her life. Sh...

Abused and Abusive Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abused and Abusive Adolescents - Essay Example   Barnett, Miller- Perlin, and Perrin (250), I totally differ with parents who are not human in their form of instilling discipline to their teenagers. Some parents overdo it and as a result, cause a permanent effect on their teenagers causing them to develop long-term effects. For instance, a parent decides to discipline his child to sleep outside on the dog mat because he or she could not finish up his homework. It is unlawful for any parent to administer discipline to his or her child which in the long run will result to the child being with problematic effects. This parent is prune to facing the law. It makes sense when a parent politely corrects his or her child and shows him the consequences of his actions rather than a parent who inhumanly punishes his or her child with frustrations or ego oriented mindset. Importance of the topic I have realized that in a family setting there exist all forms of family violence and abuse. Through this, one requires an adequate know-how on to deal with any form of family abuse and how to provide long-term solution to any difference that may arise in the family. This is facilitated by putting in place mechanisms and channels that are to be followed in order to solve issues either in a short run or long run perspective. Through reading this course i have been in a position to embrace self-control in decision-making processes. This is because the decision made can have an intense impact if the judgment is not correctly made (Barnett, Miller- Perlin, and Perrin 275).

The Internet Technology and Data Ownership Issue Assignment

The Internet Technology and Data Ownership Issue - Assignment Example The internet has become such a norm that the mere existence of man at a certain place without having been connected to the internet is though impossible. About (2011) defines the internet as: â€Å"The term  Internet  today refers to the global network of public computers running  Internet Protocol. The Internet supports the public  WWW  and many special-purpose client/server software systems. Internet technology also supports many private corporate  intranets  and private home  LANs.† (about, 2011) The human society has been transformed completely with the advent of the internet. Human life before it was devoid of the thought of staying virtually connected to innumerable individuals just by getting connected to a network w=of computers that was nothing more than an obscure network of corporate computers just about a quarter of a century back. Though it started off merely as a very small scale office network today the internet is the biggest network of connecte d computing devices from all over the world that has ever existed. This network is a massive den of information. This information may be related to just about anything and everything. It is an open network and the more users get connected to it via their connecting device the wider it becomes. The connecting devices may either be as small as a mobile phone and may even be as large as a super server computer. Any user can add just about any kind of information over the internet. Only information gathered from reliable resources is authentic and may be referred to others further on. Isao Hiroki mentions internet in his paper in the following words: â€Å"The virtual space of the internet permeates our daily lives and countless new services.† (Hiroki, 2003) For all students and inquisitive learners the internet is an ideal resource. This is because they can find out information regarding just about any of their topics from the internet. All they need to do id to search for the r equired topic by entering its’ prominent words in efficient search engines. These search engines dig throughout authentic (spyware free) web pages and bring out their links as a result. The user can then make use of the massive data retrieval that is at his disposal with the additive advantage of it being free of cost. Evan Charles Sveum (July 2010) mentions Computing and Internet Technology in the following words: â€Å"Computing and Internet technologies (U.S. Department of Labor, 2000) have changed the nature of work and occupations that would allow a person to earn a living.† (Sveum, 2010) The above statement narrates the fact that internet based jobs have been very popular among the public since internet technology has emerged. Besides that the availability of other jobs can also be checked via the internet as many vendors propagate the availability of jobs at their sites via it. Many people can now earn a living by earning over the internet in the form of e-busin ess, writing blogs etc. DQ2-Who owns the data? Privacy and/or security issues are inherent in large databases. Who owns the data about a particular person: medical, credit, personal, financial, consumer information, etc.? Support your position. The question referring to the ownership of data has been existent ever since the launch of databases. The dependence of man on computing machines for transactions related to monetary and personal details cannot be overlooked in this fast paced